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Madrid was hailed as a public health guiding light last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible termination. Mayor Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city's decision to stop levying fines, ordering them restored. But with legal battles ahead the zone's future looks uncertain at best.

Madrid's back and forth on clean air is a pointed reminder of the limits to the patchwork, city-by-city approach that characterises efforts on air pollution across Europe, Britain very much included 

Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically controversial, and therefore vuInerable. That's because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers-who must pay fees or buy better vehicles-rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution. It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next year's mayoral election And if Sadig Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected 

It's not that measures such as london's Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality and the science tells us that means real health benefits 

But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments-Britain's and others across Europe have failed to do so 

Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas-city centres school streets" , even individual roads-are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution. We're doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars 

31. Which of the following is true about madrid, s clean air zone?

A. Its effects are questionable.

B. It has been opposed by a judge 

C. It needs tougher enforcement.

D. Its fate is yet to be decided 

32. What is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?

A. They put the burden on individual motorists 

B. They prove impractical for city councils.

C. They are deemed too mild by politicians 

D. They are biased against car manufacturers 

33. The author believes that the extension of London's Ulez will 

A. ensure Khan's electoral success 

B. arouse strong resistance 

C. improve the city's traffic 

D. discourage car manufacturing 

34. Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?

A. Local residents 

B. National governments.

C. Councillors 

D. Mayors 

35. It can be learned from the last paragraph that auto companies 

A. will raise low-emission car production 

B. will upgrade the design of their vehicles 

C. should be forced to follow regulations 

D. should be put under public supervision