Text 4 

Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It's easy to beat plastic. They're part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastics crisis 

The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.But the overarching message is directed at individuals 

My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be harmful, satisfying a need to have done our bitwithout ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions-a kind ofmoral licensing that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge 

While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as consumers" we must shop sustainably rather than as citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.

It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority-or even most people's. We shouldn't expect it to be. In her latest book Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural 

This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether.India has just announced it will " eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022. There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal 

DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment. It's just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.

None of this is about writing off the individual. It's just about putting things into perspective. We don't have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action, alongside engaged citizens pushing for change 

36. Some celebrities star in a new video to 

A. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis 

B. demand new laws on the use of plastics 

C. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics 

D. invite public opinion on the plastics crisis 

37. The author is concerned that " moral licensing may 

A. suppress our desire for success 

B. mislead us into doing worthless things 

C. prevent us from making further efforts 

D. weaken our sense of accomplishment 

38. By pointing out our identity as " citizens, the author indicates that 

A. we should press our governments to lead the combat 

B. we have been actively exercising our civil rights 

C. our relationship with local industries is improving 

D. our focus should be shifted to community welfare 

39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be 

A. a top-down process 

B. a win-win arrangement 

C. a self-driven mechanism 

D. a cost-effective approach 

40. The author concludes that individual efforts 

A. can be too aggressive 

B. can be too inconsistent 

C. are far from rational 

D. are far from sufficient