Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement
contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is
derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the
questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Treasure Fever

A)Most visitors come to Cape Canaveral, on the northeast coast of Florida, for the tourist attractions. It's home
to the second-busiest cruise ship port in the world and is a gateway to the cosmos. Nearly 1.5 million visitors
flock here every year to watch rockets, spacecraft, and satellites blast off into the solar system from Kennedy
Space Center Visitor Complex. Nearly 64 kilometers of undeveloped beach and 648 square kilometers of
protected refuge fan out from the cape's sandy shores.

B) Yet some of Cape Canaveral's most legendary attractions lie unseen, wedged under the sea's surface in
mud and sand, for this part of the world has a reputation as a deadly ship trap. Over the centuries, dozens of
majestic Old World sailing ships smashed and sank on this irregular stretch of windy Florida coast. They were
vessels built for war and commerce, crossing the globe carrying everything from coins to cannons, boxes of
silver and gold, chests of jewels and porcelain, and pearls from the Caribbean.

C) Cape Canaveral contains one of the greatest concentrations of colonial shipwrecks in the world. In recent
years, advances in radar, diving, detection equipment, computers, and GPS have transformed the hunt. The
naked eye might see a pile of rocks, but technology can reveal the precious arifacts (人工制品) that lie
hidden on the ocean floor.

D) As technology renders the seabed more accessible, the hunt for treasure-filled ships has drawn a fresh tide of salvors (打捞人员)and their investors-as well as marine archaeologists (考古学家)wanting to bring to
light the lost relics. But of late, when salvors have found vessels, their rights have been challenged in court.
The big question: who should have control of these treasures?

E) High-stakes fights over shipwrecks pit archacologists against treasure hunters in a vicious cycle of
accusations. Archaeologists regard themselves as protectors of history,and they see salvors as careless
destroyers. Salvors feel they do the hard work of searching for ships, only to have them stolen from under
them when discovered. This kind of clash inevitably takes place on a grand scale.Aside from the salvors,
their investors, and the maritime archacologists who serve as expert witnesses, the battles sweep in local and international governments and organizations like UNESCO that work to protect under-water heritage. The court cases that ensue stretch on for years. Are finders keepers, or do the ships belong to the countries that made them and sent them sailing centuries ago? Where once salvors and archacologists worked side by side, now they belong to opposing, and equally contemptuous, tribes.

F) Nearly three million vessels lie wrecked on the Earth's ocean floor-from old canoes to the Titanic-and
likely less than one percent have been explored. Some—like an ancient Roman ship found off Antikythera,
Greece, dated between 70 and 60 BC and carrying astonishingly sophisticated gears and dials for navigating
by the sun—are critical to a new understanding of our past. No wonder there is an eternal stirring among
everybody from salvors to scholars to find them.

G) In May 2016,a salvor named Bobby Pritchett, president of Global Marine Exploration(GME) in Tampa,
Florida, announced that he had discovered scattered remains of a ship buried a kilometer off Cape Canaveral.Over the prior three years, he and his crew had obtained 14 state permits to survey a nearly 260-square-kilometer area off the cape; they worked 250 days a year, backed by investor funds of, he claims, US S4 million. It was hard work. Crew members were up at dawn, dragging sensors from their expedition vessels back and forth, day in and day out, year after year, to detect metal of any kind. Using computer technology, Pritchett and his crew created intricate, color-coded maps marked with the GPS coordinates of thousands of finds, all invisible under a meter of sand.

H)One day in 2015, the magnetometer(磁力计)picked up metal that turned out to be an iron cannon; when the divers blew the sand away, they also discovered a more precious bronze cannon with markings indicating
French royalty and, not far off, a famous marble column carved with the coat of arms of France, known from
historical paintings. The discovery was cause for celebration. The artifacts indicated the divers had likely
found the wreck of La Trinite, a 16th-century French vessel that had been at the center of a bloody battle
between France and Spain that changed the fate of the United States of America.

I) And then the legal storm began, with GME and Pritchett pitted against Florida and France. The Sunken
Military Craft Act of 2004, a US federal act, protects any vessel that was on a military mission, allowing the
originating country to claim their ship even centuries later. In 2018, two long years after Pritchett's discovery,
the federal district court ruled in favor of France. For Pritchett, the decision was devastating. Millions of
dollars of investor funding and years of labor were lost.

J) But this is far from the first time a salvor has lost all rights to a discovery. In 2012, for instance, Spain won a five-year legal battle against Odyssey Marine Exploration, which had hauled 594,000 gold and silver coins
from a Spanish wreck off the coast of Portugal across the Atlantic to the United States.“Treasure hunters
can be naive," says attorney David Concannon, who has had several maritime archacologists as clients and represented two sides in the battles over the Titanic for 20 years.“Many treasure hunters don't understand they are going to have to fight for their rights against a government that has an endless supply of money for legal battles that treasure hunters are likely to lose."
 

K) Putting an inflated price on artifacts rather than viewing them as cultural and historical treasures that
transcend any price is what irritates many archacologists. For the archaeologist, everything in a wreck
matters—hair, fabric, a fragment of a newspaper, rat bones-all things speak volumes. Archacologists don't
want artifacts ending up in a private collection instead of taking humanity on a journey of understanding.

L) George Bass is one of the pioneers of under-water archacology, and a researcher at Texas A&M University.
He has testified in court against treasure hunters, but says archacology is not without its own serious
problems. He believes archaeologists need to do a better job themselves instead of routinely criticizing
treasure hunters.“Archacology has a terrible reputation for not publishing enough on its excavations (发掘)
and finds," he says. Gathering data, unearthing and meticulously preserving and examining finds, verifying
identity and origin, piecing together the larger story, and writing and publishing a comprehensive paper or
book can take decades. A bit cynically, Bass describes colleagues who never published because they waited
so long they became ill or died.Who is more at fault, Bass asks, the professional archacologist who carefully
excavates a site and never publishes on it or the treasure hunter who locates a submerged wreck, salvages
part, conserves part, and publishes a book on the operation?

M) Pritchett concedes that his find deserves careful excavation and preservation."I think what I found should go
in a museum," he says.“But I also think I should get paid for what I found.” Indeed, it's a bit of a mystery
why governments, archaeologists, and treasure hunters can't work together—and why salvors aren't at least
given a substantial finder's fee before the original owner takes possession of the vessel and its artifacts.

36.Exploration of shipwrecks on the sea floor is crucial in updating our understanding of humanity's past.

37.Quite a number of majestic ships sailing from Europe to America were wrecked off the Florida coast over the centuries.

38.Pritchett suffered a heavy loss when a US district court ruled against him.

39.Recently, people who found treasures in shipwrecks have been sued over their rights to own them.

40.Pritchett claims he got support of millions of dollars from investors for his shipwreck exploration.

41.Ome pioneer marine scientist thinks archacologists should make greater efforts to publish their findings.

42.With technological advancement in recent years, salvors now can detect the invaluable man-made objeets lying buried under the sea.

43.According to a lawyer, many treasure hunters are susceptible to loss because they are unaware they face a financially stronger opponent in court.

44.Salvors of treasures in sunken ships and marine archaeologists are now hostile to each other.

45.Archacologists want to see artifacts help humans understand their past instead of being sold to private collectors at an outrageous price.